non-invasive optical techniques for determination of blood glucose levels: a review article

this article reviews the development of non-invasive optical techniques for determination of blood glucose concentrations in diabetic patients. early diagnosis and daily management are essential for ensuring the healthy life of diabetic patients. the determination of blood glucose concentration with common devices involves the chemical analysis of blood samples, which are obtained by pricking the finger or extracting blood from the forearm. pain, discomfort, and inconvenience, associated with current invasive methods, have necessitated the investigation of non-invasive measurement techniques. non-invasive monitoring of blood glucose level offers several advantages, including absence of pain and biohazard materials, non- exposure to sharp objects, increased testing frequency and consequently, tighter control of glucose concentration. considering these potential advantages commercialization of non-invasive glucose monitoring devices has become a subject of increasing interest. several optical technologies have the potential to provide viable non-invasive measuring devices. this review study aimed to describe the major optical technologies for non-invasive glucose monitoring and compare their advantages and disadvantages. second scenario) better than other methods in presence of a typically low false positive rate equal to 3%.